THE BUBONIC PLAGUE Essays (1314 words) - Medicine, Plague, Health

THE BUBONIC PLAGUE THE BUBONIC PLAGUE Plague, was a term that was utilized in the Medieval times to depict all lethal pandemic sicknesses, however now it is as it were applied to an irresistible, infectious sickness of rodents and people. In people, plague happens in three structures: bubonic plague, pneumonic plague, what's more, septicemic plague. The most popular structure is the bubonic plague and it is named after buboes, or extended, excited lymph hubs, which are qualities of the plague in the crotch or neck or armpit. Bubonic plague must be transmitted by the nibble of any of various creepy crawlies that are regularly parasitic on rodents and that look for new has when the first host bites the dust. On the off chance that the plague is left untreated it is lethal in thirty to seventy five percent everything being equal. Mortality in rewarded cases is just five to 10%. The source of the bubonic plague is obscure in any case, it might have begun in Africa or India. Settlements of contaminated rodents were set up in Northern India, numerous years back. A portion of these rodents had tainted merchants on the course between the Middle East and China. After 1330 the plague had attacked China. From China it was moved westbound by merchants and Mongol armed forces in the fourteenth century. While these dealers were voyaging westbound they followed an all the more northerly course through the fields of what is currently Russia, setting up a tremendous contaminated rat populace there. In 1346 the ailment arrived at Crimea and discovered its approach to Europe in 1347. The episode in Europe was an overwhelming one, which brought about in excess of 25 million passings around twenty five percent of the mainland's entire populace. After that the plague returned in numerous European urban areas until the mid eighteenth century, when it out of nowhere halted there. No clarification has ever been given for the plague's quick vanishing. The primary side effects of the bubonic plague are migraine, retching, sickness, throbbing joints and a sentiment of sick wellbeing. The lymph hubs of the crotch or of the armpit or neck out of nowhere start to become swollen and difficult. The beat and breath pace of a bubonic plague casualty is expanded, and the casualty will get slow and depleted. The buboes will expand until they are around the size of a chicken egg. On the off chance that a case is nonfatal than the temperature will start to fall in about five days, and returnt to ordinary in around fourteen days, yet in deadly cases passing will most likely happen inside four days. Yersinia Pestis, an irresistible, round and bar formed specialist is the reason for the Bubonic Plague. Yersina Pestis is a microscopic organisms, which implies the cells come up short on the inside association of eukaryotic cells. These microorganisms cells would contain the film yet they would not have the option to partition within the cell. These microorganisms cells don't have a core so all things considered they have a nucleiod that contains hereditary material. The two sorts of microbes cells are gram-negative and gram-positive. Yersina Pestis is gram negative and that implies that anti-microbials are less compelling on the plague in light of a lipopolysaccharide layer over their dividers that includes additional assurance. The bubonic plague majorly affects the lymphatic framework. The lymphatic framework is comprised of lymph hubs, lymphatic vessels, lymphoid organs and circling lymphocytes. Plague casualties tend to have huge knocks on their bodies which are classified buboes. These are as a matter of fact swollen lymph hubs loaded up with puss. The spread of the contamination makes the lymph hubs become hard and excruciating. The lymph hubs are intensely thought in the neck, armpits, and crotch. At the point when an individual turns out to be sick these regions will start to expand in light of the fact that the body needs to make a huge measure of white platelets to ward off whatever pathogen has entered the body. Numerous preventive measures can be utilized to lessen the spread of the plague (sanitation, murdering of rodents, counteraction in transport of rodents). People who contract the illness are separated, taken care of liquids and put to sleep. During World War II, researchers utilizing sulfa drugs had the option to create fixes of plague. Since it is a microorganisms, the bubonic plague can be treated with anti-microbials. Tetracyline, Streptomycin, and Chloramphenicol are three of the anti-microbials used to forestall plague. Here and there, they are indeed, even combined. The plague can quite often be relieved when it is perceived sufficiently quick. Since the late nineteenth century bubonic plague immunizations have been being used. There is an antibody that can be taken in a six to month portion period, however there is a component of hazard to this immunization. This immunization has been demonstrated to be ineffectual with individuals more youthful

Biological significance of water Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Natural essentialness of water - Essay Example Water is found on the earth in three structures: strong, fluid and gas; or ice, fluid water and gas separately. It is basic for every living thing and it is regularly alluded to as an all inclusive dissolvable in light of the fact that numerous substances break down in it. These one of a kind properties of water result from the manners by which singular H2O particles associate with each other.Water is the synthetic substance with compound equation H2O: one particle of water has two hydrogen molecules covalently attached to a solitary oxygen iota. Oxygen pulls in electrons considerably more firmly than hydrogen, bringing about a net positive charge on the hydrogen particles, and a net negative charge on the oxygen molecule. The nearness of a charge on every one of these particles gives each water atom a net dipole second. Electrical fascination between water particles because of this dipole arranges singular atoms closer, making it progressively hard to isolate the particles and along these lines raising the breaking point. This fascination is known as hydrogen holding. Water can be portrayed as a polar fluid that separates excessively into the hydronium particle (H3O+(aq)) and a related hydroxide particle (OH(aq)). Water is in unique harmony between the fluid, gas and strong states at standard temperature and pressure, and is the main unadulterated substance saw normally on Earth as so. Water's has a dissolving purpose of zero degrees and breaking point of 100 degrees Celsius individually. These properties are higher than would be normal dependent on comparative mixes. Hence, water stays a fluid under a higher scope of temperature contrasted with different mixes. Thus, plants and creatures don't begin freezing at lower temperatures or bubbling at higher temperatures. Consistency In view of its relatively littler sub-atomic weight, it is curiously thick. Water can go about as either a corrosive or a base contingent upon the conditions, and by its tendency it is superbly unbiased (it's the standard for balance among acids and alkalines [bases]). Widespread Solvent Water is the most widespread of solvents and however polar in its make up, it displays properties that demonstrate a kind of polymerizing join between its atoms like heavier natural non-polar mixes. Presence in three structures: strong, fluid, gas It exists on earth in each of the three fundamental states, strong, fluid, and gas, High Heat limit Water is likewise very helpful because of its high warmth limit. It has a colossal capacity to ingest and transmit vitality. For instance the measure of vitality it would take to liquefy 1 kilogram of ice at zero degrees Celius would be sufficient to bring down the temperature of 1 kilogram of Aluminum more than 570 degrees Celsius. While the measure of warmth it would take to soften that kilogram of ice, heat it and dissipate, 720 Calories, would be sufficient to raise that equivalent measure of Aluminum to its liquefying point! This is the reason water is perfect as a protection or a warmth dissemination source. It holds more warmth than pretty much anything. Effectively responds with different mixes Water responds with a greater number of substances than some other compound. It responds truly with a few mixes to add to their gem structure. Mixes like copper and magnesium sulfate are two instances of numerous intensifies that quite often found in nature with water atoms genuinely appended to their precious stone structure. These kind of mixes are regularly dried out or got dried out and used to assimilate water from their environmental factors. A portion of these mixes, have water as such a significant piece of their structure that they will even concentrate all accessible dampness from the air. These compound are regular dehumidifiers, reliant on water to finish their structure.

Interview with internet republica co-founder Ismael El-Qudsi

Interview with internet republica co-founder Ismael El-Qudsi With Entrepeneurial Insights, we are keen to share insights from leading entrepreneurs like Ismael El-Qudsi from Madrid who runs the highly successful Internet Republica.Ismael talks about why his co-workers from his last employer made him start his business; and why you should start your own business too. Then, we talked about the business model of Internet Republica and how organizing conferences helped Ismael become the epicenter for social media consultancy in Spain. Lastly, Ismael gives some great advice to first time entrepreneurs. Enjoy!Interviewer: Today we’re in Madrid with Ismael. Ismael, who are you and what do you do?Ismael: Hi. My name is Ismael El Qudsi, I am the CEO and founder of a marketing consultancy company called Internet Republica and we specialize in online marketing.Interviewer: What did you do before you started this company?Ismael: I was working for very big companies, like Microsoft in Spain, or Avas Group, which is the biggest media agency here in Spain. So I’ve been working for the big boss for 15 years before.Interviewer: What made you change your mind from being an employee to becoming an entrepreneur?Ismael: I wanted to go into the action, I was really tired of working in Excel files, PPTs, projections, things like that, and nothing happened. The good think in a very big company is that you always have a big car, big salary, but there was something inside of my heart that was telling me you have to create your own path, and that’s what I wanted to do. It was especially hard because it was during the crisis, but if you have something burning inside you that is saying you should do things in another way than you are doing now you have to follow your heart. This is official version, and the unofficial version is that a friend of mind told me, “Take a look at the corporates working in Spain, there are not many people over 40 years working in those companies.” And I said I am closer to 40 than to 30 so I have to run my own b usiness because nobody will take care of me tomorrow. So that also helped.Interviewer: How did you start your company. As you mentioned it is quite hard to find the first customers, what was the way that your followed.Ismael: People think that the most important thing when you start a company is the idea or being very big like Facebook or things like that, but in the consultancy business the most important thing is having a good network, knowing many people, knowing many potential clients. I’ve been working for 16 years in online marketing and I knew almost everyone that I should know before I started my company. If I was in the 20s I would probably fail within three months after launch, because in my case it was very important to have a very good network of people and that I have them before I start my company. So I am very grateful because many people have helped me to start my company, they introduced me to clients, they gave me work. But that’s because I did the same when I was in the corporate business, so it’s like if you’re giving work and being nice to people they will also help you.Interviewer: The transition phase was very funny for you when you go your first client, can you tell us a bit more of that?Ismael: Yeah. I decided to go on my own and I talked to my boss and I said I’m leaving. I used to run the social media operations in the Avas Group, so I said I am leaving, I am going to start my own business, thank you for everything, for all your support, blah, blah, blah. Because it is very important when leaving a company to leave more friends than enemies inside. Some people think that when you leave a company you have to blame your old coworkers or your boss, and that’s not true. In my case I decided to have a good relationship because they had treated me very well. So I said I am leaving, and my boss told me, Okay, let’s make a deal. Why don’t you go with your team, start your company with your team and we could hire your services . So I started my company with the help of my old boss or my old company. And also my first client was Madrid 2020, the Madrid initiative for going to the Olympics, because I helped a guy in the past with some marketing plans and things and they recommended me to carry this initiative. So this was my first client. I think I probably posted on Facebook that I’m leaving and starting my company, and they contacted me and told me we are in a bid, do you want to bid for this client, it is a very good opportunity for you. And I said, of course, I have all time. I could work until 4:00 at night if I wanted. When you are running your company and working for yourself you don’t mind the time. You are more willing to work. So that was my first client, and also with the help of my previous boss.Interviewer: Regarding your business model, what type of services or products are you offering currently?Ismael: We are specializing in SEO, positioning websites into Google without paying Google, so that’s very nice, it’s like being a hacker. It saves a lot of money for the companies, because when you are paying one, two or three Euros for each click, you have to spend a lot of money. So a telecom company like Vodafone, or telephony companies like that, they are spending like five million Euros per year in Spain, which is a small market, it’s not like Germany or the UK, so they are spending millions of dollars on Google. If you can save them one or two million they are more than happy and you too. So we are offering SEO services and also social media services from content creation to community management in Facebook, Twitter, and other networks.Interviewer: Ismael, you said that having customer relationships and network is very important, what customer acquisition strategy are you using for acquiring and managing these relationships.Ismael: We are trying to help journalists as much as we can. If a journalist asks for an interview or asks for some brief statement, we try to help as much as we can and we make a study. They ask me, for instance, what do you think about Facebook buying Whatsapp? I don’t say, I think it’s great. No. I make a study, I give some number, and I say in my opinion I think that this is for this and that. So they are very happy with that answer, they’re always linking to us, and they recommend us, and they will call us again next week because you are helping them to do their work, because they’re no specialized in your field of knowledge. So I feel like it’s my case. So it’s very important to translate this knowledge into knowledge that my mother could understand. That’s why we’re trying to help journalists, we’re making a lot of PR, we’re doing studies for them. We created a study about how are the banks working in social media in Spain, for instance, and we created a hundred page study that has been downloaded more than seven thousand times for instance. So we’re always trying to work with PR. We are als o organizing an event in Madrid which has like twenty thousand viewers through streaming all over the world. Me in particular and many other people of my company in general are always teaching in universities, courses, and almost in every place they call us for speaking. So we’re trying to be very active. We are not spending a lot of money in advertisement, in big meals with clients, etc. We are trying to create contacts.Interviewer: Let’s briefly talk about corporate strategy. As a consultancy what type of drivers do you identify in order to grow this business and create a competitive advantage?Ismael: In my opinion in the SEO field the SEOs are like hackers, so what we can’t do is having one SEO sitting alone in a room, so that is why we are seven SEOs working together, working very closely, sharing all the information, because what drives them, what makes them happy is to acquire more knowledge. So if you put that SEO with a journalist and with a finance guy or something, i t will never work. So it is better to create an atmosphere of knowledge sharing. And we are always trying to go to events like in Brighton or New York or wherever we can, depending on money of course. But we prefer investing money in training than in advertisement. Because we are selling knowledge, and that’s the only way, being very transparent and exchanging a lot of information by email or by blog.Interviewer: In terms of market development for this consultancy related to social medial and SEO, over the last five to ten years how do you perceive the development, especially in the Spanish speaking countries, and what do you estimate will the demand for such consultancy increase over time, what is your view on that?Ismael: I think that everything related to visibility it will work, because now everything is related to having more visibility in search engines or in social network has to work to grow, especially in the mobile field, because not many people have their websites adapt ed to the mobile, it’s not responsive. But at the end of this year in the US there will be more people searching through their mobile than through their PCs. So it’s a very big change, and no one is taking care of that, and I think that we still have a lot of room for improvement. Also because advertisement in Google is becoming very expensive and not many people will spend a million Euros on that. So I think the future in Spain, and even more in the Latin American countries, is very promising, I hope.Interviewer: Do you think the corporates will do this in-house or will they hire external experts like you?Ismael: Both. Nowadays there are both types of companies. But the problem is that if you’re in a very big company, and you just have on SEO, it’s nothing, because you have to make a lot of things, so they always look for external advice. Because at the end we have like seven guys working day by day in many sectors with many clients, so they have more knowledge than a perso n who is working alone in one project. So we are not afraid of people internalizing those functions, I am not afraid of that, because I think that you always will need external help in every field or in every business.Interviewer: Ismael, we always like to share some lessons learnt from entrepreneurs like you with our audience. You have a lot of experience with this match-making, building relationships, etc., what advice can you give people who are interested in entrepreneurship in building relationships that they can monetize later on?Ismael: It’s very important in the long run. Many people think that in two months or three events you have a network, and that is not a network. For me a contact is not someone who you have in Facebook, that’s not a contact. A contact for me is a strong one who will phone you back in less than two hours, that’s a friend, it’s not a Facebook friend, but it’s a friend, it’s a contact. So it is very important to cultivate that along the years , and not just the month before you start your company. For instance, in the consultation business that’s really important, it’s not like in other startups that you have a bright idea and you start your company and maybe you succeed. For the consultancy, it is very important to do that. In my case I used to attend a lot of events, I used to try to help a lot of people, and my objective in every event I assist is at least knowing five new people in every event. It’s like giving business cards, when will you start, giving the business cards and trying to listen more than speak to the other guys, what are you doing, why? I think that that’s the only secret of being a good networker, more listening than speaking.Interviewer: I understand. So then you know these five people, how do you maintain or strengthen that relationship afterwards?Ismael: In my case it was because I used to be an active blogger and now in Twitter. I used to answer almost every call, every person that tweete d me or commented on my blog on my Facebook. And I also spent a lot of time reading other blogs or commenting on other blogs, it’s like give and take, you have to read a lot, comment on other places, and try to create virtual relationships, but virtual relationships also can help, because you can know people who are not from your country or your city, whatever, and when you go to Columbia, like last year I was in Columbia twice, I knew many people that I hadn’ t met before, but they helped me, they let me their offices to work, they helped, that’s important, that’s nice.Interviewer: Ismael, thank you very much for the interview.

China - 2760 Words

------------------------------------------------- Generations of Chinese leadership From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Peoples Republic of China | | This article is part of the series: Politics and government of China | Ideology[show] | Constitution[show] | Communist Party[show] | Legislature[show] | Executive[show] | United Front[show] | Military[show] | Judiciary[show] | Propaganda[show] | Law[show] | Other issues[show] | * Other countries * Atlas Politics portal | * v * t * e | | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2013) |†¦show more content†¦Thus, the first generation, from 1949 to 1976, consisted of Mao Zedong as core, along with Zhou Enlai, Liu Shaoqi, Zhu De, Chen Yun, Peng Dehuai, and later Lin Biao and the Gang of Four (neither Lin nor the Gang are today considered by official discourse to be part of this generation because of political antagonism resulting from the Cultural Revolution). These were the leaders that founded the Peoples Republic of China after the Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War. They were born between 1886 and 1907, although the Gang of Four were a distinct subgroup born 1914 to 1935. Most were born before the demise of the Qing Dynasty (not including the Gang) and thus lived to see both the birth and, on the mainland, the end of theRepublic of China. One charact eristic of these leaders were that they tended to be both political and military leaders. Most had some education outsideChina, and their formative experiences included the Long March, the Chinese Civil War, and the SecondShow MoreRelatedThe Between China And China980 Words   |  4 Pagesfairness and impartiality in the justice system, which along with its capitalist economy, further differentiated itself from China. This concept of â€Å"one country, two systems† is an important element of Hong Kong governance, and by extension, its people. This represents a time when Hong Kong is slowly pulling its influence away from China. Due to its insulation from China that ran a communist government, Hong Kong was able to flourish as an international financial center under a free market economyRead MoreChina s Impact On China1181 Words   |  5 Pagesmany decades, China has always been technologically and economically ahead of Europe. The invention of gunpowder, printing, and the compass started in China and was later dispersed throughout Europe. These inventions changed China as much as they changed Europe. These inventions also caused a gap between China and Europe. By the late eighteenth century, industrial revolution first started its spread from Europe.The transformations within Europe began to further accelerate while China was falling behindRead MoreChina677 Words   |  3 PagesSui Dynasty (589 – 618 CE) was a short lived Imperial Chinese dynasty, preceded by the Southern and Northern Dynasties. It unified China for the first time after nearly four centuries of north-south division. It was followe d by the Tang Dynasty. Founded by Emperor Wen of Sui, the capital was Chang’an. His reign saw the reunification of Southern and Northern China and the construction of the Grand Canal, connecting the Yellow and Yangtze River for easy trading. The canal was used to carry riceRead MoreRural Life Of China And China1122 Words   |  5 PagesMaria Elena Granera Ms. Lopez AP Economics 7 November 2014 Rural Life in China â€Å"In China’s rural hinterland, where half the nation’s 1.3 billion people live, incomes are, on average, less than a third of those in cities† (The New York Times). Economically, rural China depends mainly on agriculture, but socially, sex inequality and diseases prevail in this part of the country. Villages, mostly populated by the country’s ocean of elders, are getting poorer while the cities are getting richer evenRead MoreMoney Frauds : China And China994 Words   |  4 PagesAgainst Money Frauds China is one of the countries that have the highest yearly rate of frauds. Although the China governments have uploaded many promotional videos on preventing the crooks, but can we really get away from the fraud base on those videos? The risk of fraudulent activity is increases every year in China. The China government should establish a special department to help people to prevent from the money frauds, because frauds are the problem that affects people a lot and also becauseRead MoreThe Guanxi Between China And China1741 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The Guanxi phenomena is exclusive to China and is very apparent in everyday life, it can be used in the personal dealings or at the business level. Guanxi concept is not completely alien to the rest of the world, it is apparent in a slightly different, more modest form. Most of people would be aware of bribery (it is an act of giving money or gifts that alters the behavior of the recipient), which would be someway linked to guanxi concept. The main difference is that bribery recognisedRead MoreChina s Rural Crisis : China1403 Words   |  6 Pagesexternal pressures that caused the eventual collapse of Qing society. Foreign imperialism highlighted China’s backwardness to its own citizens and, and also heightened the already existing conflicts within China itself. It directly challenged the cultural nexus of power, which held China together for hundreds of years. This system combined the imperial examination system, standard marketing community, language of lineage, and popular religions to promote the cultural form of governance. TheseRead MoreTrade Imbalance Between China And China1365 Words   |  6 Pagesnations in the eastern hemisphere. China was one of those nations. China was a nation known for isolating itself from outside influen ce, especially from the Europeans. Soon the Europeans began to grow jealous of China s bounty of enticing goods and resources such as porcelain, tea and silk. China on the other hand did not have any need for European goods. In pursuit to put a halt to the trade imbalance between the two nations, Britain started to smuggle opium into China. The reason behind this was becauseRead MoreTrade Imbalance Between China And China1674 Words   |  7 Pagesporcelain were much desired by European and had a huge demand in the Western market. In England, tea was the most desired Chinese good and trade in tea was very lucrative. However, this created a trade imbalance because Western goods had no market in China. China was a self-sustaining country and that make it harder for Western merchant to trade with them. Apart from that, the merchants had a hard time getting into Chinese market and had to deal through Chinese middlemen in Canton. At this point, the BritishRead MorePoverty in China1079 Wo rds   |  5 Pages12/3/14 Poverty in China FRIDAY October seventeenth was Chinas first official â€Å"Poverty Alleviation Day†, a yearly assembly of discussions and pledge drives, intended to rally deliberations to battle hardship. Obviously, because of Chinas quick financial advancement, the nation as of now assuages a great deal of destitution every day: a year ago the quantity of rustic poor fell by 16.5m or in excess of 45,000 individuals every day. However that still left 82.49m individuals stuck in country

Benefits Of Getting A College Education - 1303 Words

As the price to attend college increases throughout the years many young adults are experiencing increasing difficulty in being able to pay for such an endeavor and many more are beginning to question whether or not it’s worth the price due to the faltering of the economy. The price tag may be the most common concern about getting a college education but another important factor that many students consider when applying for college is how much time they will need to devote to school. Many prospective students think that the time spent in a college math class is a waste when they are majoring in the arts. This results in many students deciding against getting a college education in favor for finding a source of income to support themselves and due to the lack of employment opportunities available today the decision to choose an income over an education is really a matter of survival. However, this is the beginning of a slippery slope that can easily lead to a population that is severely lacking in education which can lead to a disaster in a country where the nations populace are the ones making decisions with their vote. I believe it is time to make education not only cheaper, but more accessible to more people across the country by eliminating course requirements and majors in order to allow students to seek out an education that is tailored to the subject they are seeking to pursue. Doing so will not only result in a lower cost of college by eliminating useless andShow MoreRelatedCollege Is It Worth It?1317 Words   |  6 PagesCollege, is it Worth it? Is college really worth the time and money? This is the question I am going to be exploring. While many people may have an idea that college is just an abundance of debt, other students argue that most of the information they learn doesn’t provide them with the value they thought it would (Adams 1). 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There are variousRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?1578 Words   |  7 PagesAshay Mehta Nou Per 8 Should College Athletes Be Paid? One of the hottest debates in the sports industry is if college athletes should be paid. If you want to pay these athletes, how would the college determine the dollar amount that should be paid? Should the basketball team make more than the football team? Should the the soccer team be paid as well? Cheerleading? Chess team? Should everyone on the team get a salary? What if your college is good at football and your basketball team is awfulRead MoreBenefits Of College Education1462 Words   |  6 Pagesfuture to support their family and have a brighter future. Some students question whether attending college is worth their time, but research suggests that students who study at postsecondary institutions will benefit in the long run. 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Despite the fact that college is becoming more expensive and many people are not on a full ride scholarship have student loan debt, a college education is necessary. College has the ability to help build skills for a specific ca reer or job. It also teaches students how to get involved with other students and to network. College can open doors for a poorer family. Many jobs today that don t require any college experienceRead MoreWhy College Education Is Important to Me839 Words   |  4 PagesWhy College Education is Important to Me Patty Murray said â€Å"A good education means learning to read, write and most importantly learn how to learn so that you can be whatever you want to be when you grow up.† Getting a college education will help open so many doors and give me opportunities to better myself, and provide me with a more successful life that I can be proud of. In today’s society it is hard to get a good job or have a stable career without first getting a college degree. A college educationRead MoreEssay Is College Worth It682 Words   |  3 PagesIs college worth it? Ask yourself a question, is college worth it to you? If you answered no then in this case it will be beneficial for you to read this. When thinking about college you have to think more about what you want out of it rather than what you have to do to get through it. The skills that you get while attending college can be very beneficial to you. Having the critical thinking and advanced communication skills that you acquire in college. Getting a college degree and bringing what

The Bear Minimum Free Essays

Big Bear Power is a public utility company that has posted strong financial results for several years. Big Bear has positive cash flow, and it is in compliance with all its debt covenants. Big Bear leases a combustion turbine from Goliath Co for a 10-year non-cancelable term. We will write a custom essay sample on The Bear Minimum or any similar topic only for you Order Now The lease agreement is signed on December 15, 2004 and Big Bear’s right to use the turbine begins on January 1, 2005. Various provisions and other facts from the lease are listed below. Big Bear pays Stipe, Berry, Mills and Buck LLP, its external legal counsel, $500K in connection with negotiating the lease agreement. Big Bear is also required to pay $1 million of legal fees incurred by Goliath Co. Provision 2 The stated default provisions in the lease include a provision that requires a penalty payment if Big Bear’s bank declares a default under its primary credit arrangement. Big Bear will be in default under the credit arrangement if there is a â€Å"material adverse change† in its financial condition. Material adverse change† is not defined in the loan documents. The Company believes the likelihood of default is remote. The bank has no relationships with Goliath Co. (Note: This is a customary provision in leasing arrangements. ) Provision 3 The lease agreement stipulates that Big Bear’s annual lease payments shall be $1 million per year, payable ratably over 12 months at the beginning of each month. For each calendar year of the term of the lease after 2005, Big Bear will pay minimum rent in an amount equal to $1 million increased (but not decreased) by the same percentage as the increase in the Consumer Price Index (CPI) from January 1 of the prior year until January 1 of each respective year. The most recent annual increase in CPI as of the inception of the lease was 4%. Required: †¢ For each provision presented, evaluate whether the costs or potential costs associated with the provision should be included in â€Å"minimum lease payments,† as defined in FASB Statement No. 13, Accounting for Leases. How to cite The Bear Minimum, Papers The Bear Minimum Free Essays Per your request, our group conducted research to determine whether costs or potential costs of the provisions of Big Bear Power’s lease of Goliath Co’s combustion turbine should be included in its minimum lease payments. We have provided a summary of the facts, our conclusion, the basis for our conclusion, and an analysis of possible alternatives to our conclusion as requested. Summary of the Facts Big Bear Power (the Company), a public utility company, is leasing a combustion turbine from Goliath Co. We will write a custom essay sample on The Bear Minimum or any similar topic only for you Order Now for a 10-year, non-cancelable term. The lease agreement was signed on December 15, 2004, and the company’s right to use the turbine starts on January 1, 2005. Big Bear Power has been financially strong for a number of years, has positive cash flow, and is in accordance with all of its debt covenants. The lease agreement contains three provisions, each of which has associated costs that may potentially need to be included in the calculation of minimum lease payments. The issue at hand is determining whether the costs in these provisions should, in fact, be included in minimum lease payments Conclusion Provision 1 Big Bear Power should not include the $500,000 negotiation fee in its minimum lease payments because, by definition, it is not an obligatory payment to be made toward the asset. On the other hand, the Company should include the $1 million legal fee in minimum lease payments since it is considered an initial direct cost made in connection with the leased property. Provision 2 The lease agreement includes a provision requiring a penalty payment if Big Bear’s bank declares it in default under its primary credit arrangement. This potential cost should be included in calculating minimum lease payments since a lack of predetermined criteria exists to determine default. Provision 3 The lease agreement stipulates Big Bear’s annual lease amount to be increased by the percentage increase in the Consumer Price Index (CPI). Because the lease payments depend on the index, it must be included in the calculation of the minimum lease payment at the inception of the lease agreement. Basis for Conclusion Provision 1 In the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 840-10-25-5, minimum lease payments are â€Å"the payments that the lessee is obligated to make or can be required to make in connection with the leased property,† excluding contingent rentals, any guarantees of the lessor’s debt, and executory costs. Although negotiating fees incurred by Big Bear Power are not executory costs, the fees toward its external legal counsel are considered non-obligatory in nature and should be expensed. In contrast, legal fees paid by Big Bear Power on behalf of Goliath Co. an be categorized as initial direct costs under Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) 91. Being defined as such, they can be included in the general description of payments they are obligated to make in connection with the lease agreement. Provision 2 Big Bear Power is subject to default if there is a â€Å"material adverse change† in its financial cond ition. FASB ASC 840-10-25-14 provides guidance for default covenants relating to nonperformance and provides four conditions as follows: a. The default covenant provision is customary in leasing arrangements. b. The occurrence of the event of default is objectively determinable. c. Predefined criteria, related solely to the lessee and its operations, has been established for the determination of the event of default. d. It is reasonable to assume, based on the facts and circumstances that exist at lease inception, that the event of default will not occur. In applying this condition, it is expected that entities would consider recent trends in the lessee’s operations. The Codification states that if the lease agreement fails to meet all of these conditions, Big Bear Power must include the penalty in its minimum lease payments. As already stated in the information provided, condition (a) is met. Upon further analysis, condition (b) and (d) are also met—Big Bear’s bank is an objective third-party that will determine an occurrence of default, and Big Bear Power is financially strong with remote likelihood of default. While the facts imply that â€Å"material adverse change† is a predefined criterion to determine default, it is our contention that the lack of definition in the documents is sufficient evidence to not fulfill the third condition. Furthermore, the absence of a definition implies a lack of objectivity within the criteria; the phrase â€Å"material adverse change† provides no verifiable benchmark to which Big Bear Power can be examined through its operations, as mandated by the condition. Consequently, Big Bear Power should add the maximum amount of the penalty to the minimum lease payments. Provision 3 According to FASB ASC 840-10-25-4, the portion of lease payments that depends on an index, such as the Consumer Price Index(CPI), should be included in calculating minimum lease payments at lease inception. Big Bear’s lease payments are contingent on increases in the CPI, therefore it must follow this rule. The lease agreement states that Big Bear will pay $1 million per year, and the lease amount will change at each year-end by the increase in the index rate. Only the most recent CPI increase at inception will be included in minimum lease payments. Future increases in the index will not be included as they are considered a contingent rental. Analysis of Alternatives Provision 1 Alternative A debate of Provision 1 suggests that Big Bear Power should not include the $1 million in legal fees toward minimum lease payments. Initial direct costs may be considered transactions separate from the lease itself with benefits being realized at the time of exchange (International Accounting Standards Board [IASB], 2009). Their recognition as assets would be erroneous under this premise, and instead would require an immediate expense to the income statement. Still, it remains our team’s recommendation that the $1 million legal fees be treated as described, in accordance with the FASB’s logic behind fees closely-tied to a lease agreement. Provision 2 Alternative It can be contended that the required penalty payment under a declaration of default should not be included in the minimum lease payments. As stated, FASB ASC 840-10-25-14 provides four conditions, which, if all fulfilled, would not include the penalty in minimum lease payments. Based on those facts provided, and regardless of the definition behind â€Å"material adverse change†, it is arguable that a sufficient criterion exists to determine default. Furthermore, the criterion is established by a third-party with no relation to Goliath Company. This would fulfill condition (c). Provision 3 Alternative Alternative treatment of this provision would adjust minimum lease payments annually after 2005 for the annual increase in the Consumer Price Index. For example, if the lease payment in 2005 is $1 million and the most recent CPI increases by 4%, the lease payment would increase to $1,040,000 in 2006, and $1,081,600 in 2007. The reasoning for this approach is to more accurately measure the lease agreement for financial reporting. However, this method is not in agreement with FASB ASC 840-10-25-4, which states a lease dependent on an index should only include the index existing at lease inception when calculating minimum lease payments. References Financial Accounting Standards Board. (n. d. ). Accounting standards codification. Norwalk, CT: Financial Accounting Standards Board. Retrieved February 8, 2010. International Accounting Standards Board. (2009). IASB staff paper: leases – initial direct costs. London, United Kingdom: International Accounting Standards Board. Retrieved February 8, 2010. How to cite The Bear Minimum, Papers

The Crucible the Importance of a Good Name free essay sample

The Crucible there are many themes floating around. One of the most notable themes is the importance of a good name. To several of the characters the only matter of importance seems to be their name and what it seems to be associated with. Amongst this dialog we find that because the hysterical environment of Salem causes persecution of calumny became a common fear of a good, respectable name to be tarnished. Early in the play we are introduced with our first couple of victims due to the infamous fear. Our first encounter is with Abigail when Reverend Parris questions her about as to why Elizabeth Proctor had fired her Abigail responds â€Å"My name is good in the village! I will not have it said my name is soiled! Goody Proctor is a gossiping liar! † We can see here that she believes that Goody Proctor is trying to spoil her name due to the belief that she had been having an affair with John. We will write a custom essay sample on The Crucible the Importance of a Good Name or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As the play continues it is evident how she accuses other people of witchcraft so that her name is in the light and she is absolved from partaking in the witchcraft herself. Though it seems that Abigail’s only worry is her name, she is very dissembling. We later find out that her name seems to only be the light of her worries. Her main motive is to rid John of Elizabeth so that she can freely be with John. Her uncle, Reverend Parris, is naive to her hidden motives for false accusations. It isn’t much longer in the story when we find Abigail’s uncle, Reverend Parris is also sporting this same worry when we read a conversation between him and a trusted villager Thomas Putnam. Due to Betty, Parris’s Daughter who has fallen ill, and the village is suddenly buzzing with slander of witchcraft. In a conversation with Thomas Putnam it is apparent how this affects Parris. â€Å"Thomas, Thomas, I pray you, leap not to witchcraft. I know that you-least of all, Thomas, would ever wish so disastrous a charge laid upon me. We cannot leap to witchcraft. They will howl me out of Salem for such corruption in my house. † This shows that Reverend Parris is almost more caught up in what people think of him rather than how daughter, Betty Parris, is doing or rather how the Doctor, who has found nothing to cure her, will solve her illness. Parris is now continuously accusing his least faithful parishioners with having a contract with the devil. One of which is John Proctor, the man Abigail is having an affair with. John Proctor is known as a rebel in this story. Though a good Christian he rarely makes it into Parris’ Sunday Masses because he is working in the field and he doesn’t want to hear of Parris’ weekly ranting of the devil and hell. It is because of this reputation his wife is among the accused of witchcraft. When he tries to defend her he reluctantly admits to lechery. John Proctor was very reluctant to admit this because he wanted his name to stay respected. When judge Danforth doesn’t believe him they ask his wife Elizabeth if this is true. Unknowing that he had confessed and trying to respect his wishes of keeping a good name she says that she doesn’t believe that he had ever had an affair with Abigail Parris. When Abigail turns on Marry Warren, Marry Warren turns on John Proctor calling him the Devil’s Man. This causes his arrest and accusation of Witchcraft. Proctor’s importance of a good name is most portrayed in the last act, Act V, when he is begged to save himself by signing a confession sheet. He finally refuses to sign it saying that â€Å"Because it is my Name! Because I cannot have another in my life! Because I lie and sign myself to Lies! Because I am not worth the dust on the feet of them that hang! How may I live without my name? I have given you my soul; leave me my name! † John Proctor is the epitome of wanting to preserve his name. He willingly dies to preserve his name. In the story of The Crucible, Arthur Miller is able to illustrate the importance of a good name through many of the characters. We were easily able to convey this theme and build off of it. Since many of the characters’ main objective was too keep their name in good light we were able to better understand the reasons behind their actions, helping us receive a better understanding of the story. The Crucible the Importance of a Good Name free essay sample In the play The Crucible there are many themes floating around. One of the most notable themes is the importance of a good name. To several of the characters the only matter of importance seems to be their name and what it seems to be associated with. Amongst this dialog we find that because the hysterical environment of Salem causes persecution of calumny became a common fear of a good, respectable name to be tarnished. Early in the play we are introduced with our first couple of victims due to the infamous fear. Our first encounter is with Abigail when Reverend Parris questions her about as to why Elizabeth Proctor had fired her Abigail responds â€Å"My name is good in the village! I will not have it said my name is soiled! Goody Proctor is a gossiping liar! † We can see here that she believes that Goody Proctor is trying to spoil her name due to the belief that she had been having an affair with John. We will write a custom essay sample on The Crucible the Importance of a Good Name or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As the play continues it is evident how she accuses other people of witchcraft so that her name is in the light and she is absolved from partaking in the witchcraft herself. Though it seems that Abigail’s only worry is her name, she is very dissembling. We later find out that her name seems to only be the light of her worries. Her main motive is to rid John of Elizabeth so that she can freely be with John. Her uncle, Reverend Parris, is naive to her hidden motives for false accusations. It isn’t much longer in the story when we find Abigail’s uncle, Reverend Parris is also sporting this same worry when we read a conversation between him and a trusted villager Thomas Putnam. Due to Betty, Parris’s Daughter who has fallen ill, and the village is suddenly buzzing with slander of witchcraft. In a conversation with Thomas Putnam it is apparent how this affects Parris. â€Å"Thomas, Thomas, I pray you, leap not to witchcraft. I know that you-least of all, Thomas, would ever wish so disastrous a charge laid upon me. We cannot leap to witchcraft. They will howl me out of Salem for such corruption in my house. † This shows that Reverend Parris is almost more caught up in what people think of him rather than how daughter, Betty Parris, is doing or rather how the Doctor, who has found nothing to cure her, will solve her illness. Parris is now continuously accusing his least faithful parishioners with having a contract with the devil. One of which is John Proctor, the man Abigail is having an affair with. John Proctor is known as a rebel in this story. Though a good Christian he rarely makes it into Parris’ Sunday Masses because he is working in the field and he doesn’t want to hear of Parris’ weekly ranting of the devil and hell. It is because of this reputation his wife is among the accused of witchcraft. When he tries to defend her he reluctantly admits to lechery. John Proctor was very reluctant to admit this because he wanted his name to stay respected. When judge Danforth doesn’t believe him they ask his wife Elizabeth if this is true. Unknowing that he had confessed and trying to respect his wishes of keeping a good name she says that she doesn’t believe that he had ever had an affair with Abigail Parris. When Abigail turns on Marry Warren, Marry Warren turns on John Proctor calling him the Devil’s Man. This causes his arrest and accusation of Witchcraft. Proctor’s importance of a good name is most portrayed in the last act, Act V, when he is begged to save himself by signing a confession sheet. He finally refuses to sign it saying that â€Å"Because it is my Name! Because I cannot have another in my life! Because I lie and sign myself to Lies! Because I am not worth the dust on the feet of them that hang! How may I live without my name? I have given you my soul; leave me my name! † John Proctor is the epitome of wanting to preserve his name. He willingly dies to preserve his name. In the story of The Crucible, Arthur Miller is able to illustrate the importance of a good name through many of the characters. We were easily able to convey this theme and build off of it. Since many of the characters’ main objective was too keep their name in good light we were able to better understand the reasons behind their actions, helping us receive a better understanding of the story.